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| Battle of Black Jack | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Bleeding Kansas | |||||||
A sign showing the surrender point of Henry Pate on the Black Jack Battle site. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Slave State | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| John Brown Samuel T. Shore [1] | Henry C. Pate | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 30 | ~55 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| unknown | 23 prisoners | ||||||
| Location | near Baldwin City, Kansas |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 38°45′42″N95°7′50″W / 38.76167°N 95.13056°WCoordinates: 38°45′42″N95°7′50″W / 38.76167°N 95.13056°W |
| Area | 59 acres (24 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 04000365 (original) 04001373 (increase) |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 28, 2004 |
| Boundary increase | June 6, 2005 |
| Designated NHL | October 16, 2012 |
The Battle of Black Jack took place on June 2, 1856, when antislavery forces, led by the noted abolitionistJohn Brown, attacked the encampment of Henry C. Pate near Baldwin City, Kansas. The battle is cited as one incident of 'Bleeding Kansas' and a contributing factor leading up to the American Civil War of 1861 to 1865.
Background[edit]
In 1854, the U.S. Congress had passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act which stipulated that the residents of these territories would decide whether they wished to enter the Union as a slave or free state. This doctrine became known as popular sovereignty. Organized groups from the North sent thousands of abolitionist supporters to Kansas in an attempt to tip the balance in favor of free state advocates, to counter settlement from proslavery supporters from Missouri. As a result, pro- and antislavery groups had frequent clashes culminating in the Battle of Black Jack.
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On May 21, 1856, Henry Clay Pate participated with a posse of 750 proslavery forces in the sacking of Lawrence, which destroyed the Free State Hotel, two abolitionist newspaper offices and their printing presses. They also looted throughout the village. The next day, Congressman Preston Brooks from South Carolina physically attacked Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts in the Senate chambers with a cane. He continued hitting after the senator was bleeding and unconscious. Three days later, a band of men, led by John Brown and comrade Captain Shore, executed five proslavery men with broadswords at Pottawatomie Creek. Brown's men let Jerome Glanville and James Harris return home to the cabin of Harris. This incident became known as the Pottawatomie massacre. Following the massacre, three antislavery men were taken prisoner, including two of John Brown's sons.
Battle[edit]
On June 2, 1856 Brown and 29 others met Henry Pate and fought the battle of Black Jack. This started after Brown's two sons were captured and held prisoner by Pate. The five-hour battle went in Brown's favor and Pate and 22 of his followers were captured and held for ransom. Brown agreed to release them as long as they released Brown's sons.
Town of Black Jack[edit]
The town of Black Jack was established in 1855 as a trail town on the Santa Fe Trail. The town became incorporated in 1857 and the threat of border warfare was still a problem in Black Jack. At its peak, Black Jack contained a tavern, post office, blacksmiths, a hotel, general store, doctor's office, schools and two churches but by the end of the Civil War, Santa Fe traffic began to dwindle and soon the town was abandoned.
Legacy[edit]
The site of the battle is located near U.S. Highway 56, about three miles (5 km) east of Baldwin City, and is partially within Robert Hall Pearson Memorial Park, designated by the state of Kansas in honor of one of Brown and Shore's fighters who gave a handwritten account of the battle. Signs placed throughout the battle site point out where the battle began and ended. Efforts are underway to preserve both the Pearson Memorial Park and the Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve across the road.
In 1970, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of Baldwin City, Baker University professor and playwright Don Mueller (not to be confused with the baseball player of the same name) and Phyllis E. Braun, Business Manager, produced a musical play entitled The Ballad of Black Jack to tell the story of the events that led up to the battle. The Ballad of Black Jack played as part of the city's Maple Leaf Festival from 1970–83 and again from 2001-05. It also played in nearby Lawrence in 1986 and in 2006 and 2007 as a part of Lawrence's Civil War On The Western Frontier program.
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In 2012 the National Park Service designated the battlefield a National Historic Landmark.[2][3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^Reynolds, David S. (2005). John Brown, Abolitionist The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. p. 184-187. ISBN978-0375726156.
- ^National Historic Landmark nomination
- ^Black Jack Battlefield designated as National Historic Landmark / LJWorld.com
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Jack Battlefield. |
- 'Santa Fe Trail Site' View From USGS Aerial Photographs.
The object is to draw cards that add up to 21 or as close to it as possible. You are responsible for computing the point count of your own hand. The Jack, Queen and King count ten. The Ace counts as one or eleven. All other cards are counted at their face value. Exceeding 21 is a “break” and you automatically lose. Depending on the total of your original cards, you can “stand” (draw no more cards) or take a “hit” (draw one or more cards – one at a time until you are satisfied with your count). *If your total count is 21 or less and the point count of the dealer is in excess of 21, you win and the payout odds are 1 to 1. If your hand and the dealer’s hand both total under 21 but your total count is higher, you win and the payout odds are 1 to 1. If you “break” (over 21), you lose, even if the dealer breaks. If your count is the same as the dealer’s it is a standoff, or a “push”. Should the dealer draw a 3 or more card 21, this does not beat your 2 cards 21 (Blackjack). If you have a 3 or more card 21 and the dealer has a 2 card 21 (Blackjack), you lose. If you achieve a score of 21 in two cards and a dealer achieves a score of 21 in more than two cards, you win.
The Dealer must draw with 16 and hits 'soft 17.' The dealer stands on a hard 17 and all totals of 18 or higher. In this game, everyone plays against the dealer's 'hand'. The dealer starts the game by dealing each player two cards from the dealing shoe, face down. The dealer’s hand is dealt one card up and one card down. (The down card is called the “hole” card). The dealer is not to look at the face of the “hole” card until all additional cards have been dealt and all players’ hands have been acted upon. If the first two cards dealt to a player or dealer are any Ace and any 10, Jack, Queen, or King, the hand is considered a Blackjack.
Blackjack – if the first face up card dealt to the dealer is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 and you have a Blackjack, the dealer shall announce and pay the Blackjack odds of 3 to 2 and shall remove your cards before any player receives a third card.
If the first face up card dealt to the dealer is an Ace, King, Queen, Jack or 10 and you have Blackjack the dealer shall announce the Blackjack but shall make no payment nor remove any cards until all other cards are dealt to the players and the dealer received his second card. If, in such circumstances, the dealer’s second card does not give him Blackjack, your Blackjack shall be paid at odds 3 to 2. If however, the dealer’s second card gives him Blackjack, the wager of the player having Blackjack shall be voided and constitute a push.
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Whenever the first card dealt to the dealer is an Ace, you have the right to make an “insurance wager” which wins if the dealer’s second card is a King, Queen, Jack or 10 and loses if the dealer’s second card is an Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Up to half of the initial wager may be bet as insurance after the second card is dealt and prior to any additional cards being dealt. Wining “insurance wagers” shall be paid to odds of 2 to 1.
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